张向晨大使在世贸组织对美国贸易政策审议会上的发言

　　2018年12月17日，世界贸易组织在日内瓦开始对美国进行贸易政策审议，上一次审议是在2016年。中国常驻世贸组织代表张向晨大使率先发言，批评美国奉行的单边主义和保护主义贸易政策，敦促美国履行在多边贸易体制中的义务。以下是张大使的发言：

　　主席女士：

　　很高兴在日内瓦见到美国贸易代表办公室的同事，也让我回想起当年中国加入WTO谈判的岁月。我那时有限的WTO知识，一半来自书本，一半来自作为谈判对手的美国同事。他们其中一位曾不无骄傲地对我说过，“在我们的血液里，流淌着的都是关贸总协定和WTO的规则”。WTO规则体系的建立和多边贸易体制的发展离不开这些美国同事的贡献。

　　不久前，美国影视界的大师级人物斯坦·李先生去世了，这对全世界的漫画电影迷来说是个巨大损失。斯坦‧李先生共同创作了我们耳熟能详的超级英雄，包括蜘蛛侠，X战警和钢铁侠等等。其中我最喜欢的是蜘蛛侠，而令我印象最深刻的并不是他的超凡能力，而是他的责任感。我记得蜘蛛侠在电影里说过，“伟大的力量来自伟大的责任。”蜘蛛侠做到了这一点。

　　力量和责任的关系不仅适用于超人，也适用于普通人和国家。斯坦‧李去了，把蜘蛛侠也带走了。令人同样遗憾的是，自上次审议之后，特别是这一年来，在贸易政策领域，我们看到了另外一个美国，一个力量和责任严重不匹配的美国：

　　--通过“232措施”限制钢铁和铝产品贸易，使贸易保护主义在“国家安全”的幌子下大行其道；

　　--通过“301措施”大面积提高关税，令沉寂多年的单边主义怪兽再次肆虐；

　　--通过持续阻挠上诉机构成员遴选，让多边贸易体制的王冠明珠黯然失色。

　　主席女士，我们不接受对钢铁和铝征收关税是出于国家安全考虑的牵强解释，我们不相信美国不清楚采取单边“301措施”违反了它自己在WTO做出的承诺，我们不认同用瘫痪上诉机构的办法能够使WTO争端解决机制变得更有效率。

　　经济全球化带来机遇，也带来挑战，对每个国家都是如此。是竞争，就不能总做赢家；是合作，就不能只占便宜；是谈判，就不能以势压人。面对挑战，我们不能筑起贸易壁垒的藩篱，正确的选择应是在国内采取恰当的政策措施，帮助陷入窘境的人群克服困难；在国际层面加强协商和协调，为各个国家的发展提供稳定的国际环境。对WTO也是如此。如果我们所在的这座WTO大厦的屋顶漏雨了，就应该齐心协力去修补，而不应该拆毁它，让大家都暴露在风雨之中。

　　不久前，中国和欧盟等成员共同提出了改革WTO上诉机构的提案，我们期待着美国建设性地参与讨论。一些成员对WTO的整体性改革提出了设想，中国也提出了改革的三个基本原则和五点主张。我们希望与包括美国在内的所有成员一起，通过平等协商，推动WTO与时俱进，进行必要改革，适应经济全球化的发展，回应国际工商界的期待。

　　主席女士，回到力量与责任的关系上，小到一个家庭，大到一个国际组织，是老大就该有老大的样子。不能只顾自身的狭隘利益，为所欲为，损害他人的利益。请允许我引用温斯顿‧丘吉尔1943年在哈佛大学的讲话结束我的发言。“伟大的代价是承担责任。……如果过去已经证明了这一点，那么它在将来也是无可争议的事实。美国人不能逃避他们对世界的责任。”

　　谢谢主席女士。

　　以下为英文：

　　Thank you, Madame Chair,

　　It is great to see the USTR colleagues in Geneva. It brings me back the memories of the years of China"s accession negotiations to the WTO. The limited knowledge of the WTO I had at that time, about half of it came from the books, and another half came from the US colleagues who were our counterparts in the accession negotiations. I remember one of the USTR colleagues told me proudly that “the GATT and WTO rules are in our blood”. Indeed, establishment of the WTO rules and development of the multilateral trading system to a large extent owes much to our colleagues from the United States。

　　Just over a month ago, one of the legendary figures in the American movie industry - Stan Lee - passed away. This is a great loss for all fans of comic movies around the world. Stan Lee co-created many superheroes that we know, including Spider-Man, the X-Men, Iron Man, and many others. My favourite is Spider-Man. What impressed me the most is not Spider-Man"s superhuman abilities, but rather this line from the movie: "With great power comes great responsibility". And Spider-Man certainly lived up to that。

　　This power and responsibility equation applies not only to the superheroes, but also to us as human beings and countries. Stan Lee passed away and took Spider-Man away. It is also unfortunate that we are seeing, since the last trade policy review, especially during the last year, a different America with severe mis-matched power and responsibility. An America that:

　　--imposed "section 232" measures on steel and aluminium products, allowing protectionism to be at large under the pretext of the so-called national security;

　　--applied "section 301" measures to vastly increase tariffs, bringing back to life the ghost of unilateralism that has been dormant for decades;

　　--blocked the selection of Appellate Body members, practically digging out the crown-jewel of the multilateral trading system。

　　Madame Chair,For all members, I think it is hard to accept tariff increases on steel and aluminium products based on dubious national security concerns. We do not believe that the United States is not aware that its unilateral "section 301" measures are inconsistent with its WTO commitments. And we cannot side with the statement that putting the Appellate Body in a paralysis will make it more effective。

　　Economic globalization brings opportunities as well as challenges, for all countries. In a competition, we cannot expect ourselves always to come out as the winner; in a cooperation, we cannot expect only to take and not to give; and in a negotiation, we cannot reach a mutually acceptable result only by exerting pressure.We all need to address challenges of economic globalization. China needs to do so and the United States needs to do so. The right way is not to erect trade barriers, but rather to have initiatives domestically to help those most-affected to adjust, and to strengthen consultation and coordination with trading partners so as to cultivate stable international environment for all. The same goes for the WTO. If the roof of this building is leaking, we should work together to fix it, rather than dismantling it and exposing all of us to rains and storms。

　　Recently, China along with the EU and a number of members tabled a joint proposal for the reform of the WTO Appellate Body. We very much hope that the United States will constructively engage in this discussion. Members have also shared their thoughts about the overall reform of the WTO, and in this regard, China has proposed three principles and five suggestions. We look forward to working together with all members, including the United States, to push for necessary reforms at the WTO through consultations on equal grounds, to make this organization up-to-date with the realities, adaptable to the developments of the economic globalization and responsive to the expectations from the global business community。

　　Madame Chair, coming back to the power and responsibility equation, whether it is a small family or an international organization, a top dog should act like a top dog. It cannot only see a narrow spectrum of its own self-interest, and it certainly should not do whatever it wishes at the sacrifice of the others. Please allow me to conclude with a quote from Winston Churchill’s speech at the Harvard University in 1943: “The price of greatness is responsibility... it has been, it will become indisputable in the future. The people of the United States cannot escape world responsibility。”

　　Thank you, Madame Chair。